Diagnostic imaging / Radiology (Radiologie)

Computed tomography (CT)

Positron emission tomography(PET)

Single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT)

Ultrasound

Diagnostic imaging / Radiology (Radiologie)

                                               

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

Mammography

Endoscopy

X-Ray

Typical PET imaging facility

Specialties in Medicine

Oncology

Pathology

Psychiatry

Plastic surgery

Urology

Specialties in Medicine

Neonatology/Perinatology

Nephrology

Neurology

Obstetrics/Gynecology

Opthalmology

Orthopedics

Specialties in Medicine

Anesthesiology (c. 1922)

Cardiology

Dermatology

Dentistry

Endocrinology

Geriatrics

Hematology

Infertility

Hospitals

Reagan medical center in Los Angeles

Nurse at the bedside of a young boy in an Intensive Care Unit, IBN Sina Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq (April 2004).

Surgical room

Hospital room

Emergency / Urgent care

Paramedics attending to a man after a fall from a bridge

Taking Patient To Hospital

An ambulance from the Philadelphia Fire Department

Interior of an Ambulance.

Primary care in Medicine

Primary care physician

Pediatrics

Nursing

History of Medicine Images

A statue of Asclepius.

The hieroglyphic for brain from The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus (17th century B.C.)

Physician treating a patient. Red-figure Attic aryballos, ca. 480–470 BC.

Trepanation, as described by Hans von Gersdorff in Feldbuch der Wundartzney (1517)

Image from Andreas Vesalius's De humani corporis fabrica (1543), page 164.

Image from 11th century AH (17th century AD) Persian manuscript by Mansur ibn Muhammad 

Ahmad at the Majles Library, Tehran.

Drug Ampoules

The earliest illustration of tuberous sclerosis, displayed in Rayer's 1835: "Traité des maladies de la peau".

Interdisciplinary Fields

Interdisciplinary sub-specialties of the product are:

General practice, family practice, there are family or primary care medicine in many countries, the first port call-of-d'othair no emergency medical problems. 

Many other health science areas, e.g. Dietetics Bioethics is a field study on relationship between biology, science, medicine and ethics, philosophy and theology.

Biomedical Engineering is a field dealing with the application of engineering principles to medical practice.

Clinical pharmacology is concerned with how systems interact with patients Therapeutic.

Conservation medicine studies the relationship between human and animal, and environmental conditions. Also known as ecological medicine, environmental medicine, or medical geology.

Disaster Medicine deals with medical aspects prepared Ness emergency, disaster to reduce and control.

The Diving Medicine (or hyperbaric medicine), prevention and treatment of diving-related problems. 

The development of medicinal aspects of medicines derived through applying evolutionary theory. 

Legal medicine deals with medical questions in legal context, such as determining time and cause of death. 

Gender-based medicine studies the biological and physiological differences between human sexes and how it affects different diseases. 

Hospital medicine is the general medical care hospital patients. Hospitalists Physicians primary professional focus is known as a medical hospital in the United States. 

Female Laser laser medicine use in the diagnosis and / or treatment of different situations. 

Medical Humanities include humanities (literature, philosophy, ethics, history and religion), Social Science (anthropology, cultural studies, psychology, sociology), and art (literature, Theater, film and art) and perform medical education and practice. 

The Medical Informatics, medicine, computer science, medical information and eHealth relatively recent fields that apply to the use of computers and information technology in medicine. 

Nosology is the classification of diseases in different purposes. 

Nosokinetics is scientific / content measurements and models to work in health and social care system. 

Pain Management (also called pain medicine) is the medical discipline concerned with reducing pain. 

Prevention is an article about the drug and prevent disease. 

Community, the health and general health factors in the health threats to the public health community based on population health analysis. 

Occupational medicine is a key role in providing health advice to organizations and individuals to ensure the best standards of health and safety in the workplace to achieve and maintain. 

Aerospace Medicine deals with health problems related to aviation and space travel. 

Osteopathic medicine, the medical branch of the U.S. occupation. 

Pharmacogenomics is a form of individualized medicine. 

Sports medicine deals with the treatment and preventive care of athletes, amateur and professional. The group are specialty physicians and surgeons, Athletic trainers, physical therapists, trainers, other staff, and, of course, the athletes. 

Therapeutic is in this area, more common reference to the previous period in history, the various solutions that can be used to treat diseases and health [1 promotion]. 

Travel deals emporiatrics medicine or health problem in international travel and travel across very different environments. 

Urgent Care focuses on delivery of unscheduled, walk in care outside the hospital emergency department for injuries and illness are not large enough to require care in the emergency department. In some districts this action is in relation to the emergency room. 

Veterinary Medicine; veterinarians apply similar techniques and doctors to care for animals. 

Wilderness medicine needs to practice in medicine in the wild, where it can not provide traditional health care.

Diagnostic specialties in Medicine

Clinical laboratory sciences are the clinical diagnostic services which apply laboratory techniques to diagnose and treat a patient. In the United States this service under the guidance of a medical expert. Personnel working in the medical laboratory staff trained technical departments that do not have medical degrees, but it usually has a degree in medical technology, which actually make the tests, tests and procedures necessary to provide specific services. Narrow including transfusion medicine, cellular pathology, clinical chemistry, hematology, clinical microbiology and clinical immunology.

Pathology as a medical specialty is the branch of medicine related to diseases and morphological studies, physiological changes caused by them. As a special diagnostic, pathology can be considered as a basis for modern scientific medical knowledge and plays a large role in evidence-based medicine. Many modern molecular tests such as flow cytometry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry, cytogenetics, gene rearrangements studies and fluorescent hybridization on the spot (FISH), included in the area of pathology.

Radiology images associated with the human body, for example, X-Ray, X-ray computed tomography, ultrasound, and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.

Nuclear medicine studies related to human organ systems by providing the labeled substances (radiopharmaceuticals) to the body, which can then be imaged outside the body with gamma camera or PET scanner. Each radiopharmaceutical consists of two parts: specific tracers for the study of functions (eg, neurotransmitters lines, metabolic pathways, blood flow, or other), as well as radionuclide (as a rule, both gamma emitter or a positron). There is overlap between the levels of nuclear medicine and radiology, as evidenced by the emergence of composite devices, such as PET / CT scanner.

Clinical neurophysiology associated with testing the physiology and functions of the central and peripheral aspects of the nervous system. Tests of this kind can be divided into the record: (1) spontaneous or continuously running electrical activity, or (2) to reach an incentive. Narrow include electroencephalography, electromyography, resulting in potential, nerve conduction study and polysomnography. Sometimes these tests are carried out technicians without medical training, but the interpretation of these tests carried out by specialists in the field of medicine.

Other specialty in Medicine

Following are some selected fields of medical specialties that do not directly fit into any of the above mentioned groups.

Ophthalmology exclusively concerned with the eye and ocular adnexa, combining conservative and surgical therapy.

Dermatology is concerned with the skin and its diseases. In the UK, dermatology is a subspecialty of general medicine.

Emergency medicine is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of acute or life-threatening conditions, including trauma, surgical, medical, pediatric, and psychiatric emergencies.

Obstetrics and gynecology (often abbreviated as OB/GYN (American English) or Obs & Gynae (British English)) are concerned respectively with childbirth and the female reproductive and associated organs.

Reproductive medicine and fertility medicine are generally practiced by gynecological specialists.
Palliative care is a relatively modern branch of clinical medicine that deals with pain and symptom relief and emotional support in patients with terminal illnesses including cancer and heart failure.

Pediatrics (AE) or paediatrics (BE) is devoted to the care of infants, children, and adolescents. Like internal medicine, there are many pediatric subspecialties for specific age ranges, organ systems, disease classes, and sites of care delivery.

Physical medicine and rehabilitation (or physiatry) is concerned with functional improvement after injury, illness, or congenital disorders.

Psychiatry is the branch of medicine concerned with the bio-psycho-social study of the etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cognitive, perceptual, emotional and behavioral disorders. Related non-medical fields include psychotherapy and clinical psychology.

"Medicine" as a specialty

Internal Medicine is the medical specialty deals with the diagnosis, management and non-surgical treatment of serious illness or unusual, either an organ or body system as a whole. According to some sources, the emphasis on internal structures is implicit. In North America, specialists in internal medicine are commonly called "internists. Elsewhere, especially in Commonwealth nations, such specialists are often called clinicians. These terms, internist or doctor (in the strict sense, common outside North America), professionals generally do not include the obstetrics and gynecology, pathology, psychiatry, and especially in surgery and its subspecialties.

Because their patients are often seriously ill or require complex investigations, internists do much of their work in hospitals. Previously, many do not subespecialitzar internists, general practitioners to see any complex surgical problem, such practice has become much less common. In modern urban practice, most internists are subespecialistes, ie, generally limit their medical practice to problems of a body system or to a particular area of medical knowledge. For example, gastroenteròlegs and nephrologists will specialize, respectively, in diseases of the intestines and kidneys.

The Commonwealth and other countries, paediatricians and specialist geriatricians are also described as a medical specialist (or internists) who subespecialitzar according to patient age rather than by body system. Elsewhere, especially in North America, is often a general pediatric primary care.

There are many subspecialties (or sub-disciplines), internal medicine: 

Cardiology 

Critical Care Medicine 

Dermatology 

Emergency medicine 

Endocrinology 

Gastroenterology 

Geriatrics 

Hematology 

Hepatology 

Infectious diseases 

Nephrology 

Neurology 

Oncology 

Pediatrics 

Pulmonology 

Rheumatology 

Sleep Medicine 

The training in internal medicine (as opposed to surgical training) varies considerably worldwide: see articles on education and medical doctor for more details. In North America, it requires at least three years of residency after medical school, which may be followed by a scholarship from one to three years in the above sub-specialties. In general, resident work hours in medicine are less than those of surgery, with an average of 60 hours per week in the U.S..

Basic Sciences in Medicine

Anatomy is the study of the physical structure of organisms. In contrast to macroscopic or gross anatomy, cytology and histology are concerned with microscopic structures. Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry that occurs in living organisms, especially the structure and function of their chemical components. Biostatistics is the application of statistics to biological fields in the broadest sense. A knowledge of biostatistics is essential in planning, evaluating and interpreting medical research. It is also essential for the epidemiology and evidence-based medicine.

Cytology is the microscopic examination of individual cells.

Embryology is the study of early development of organisms.

Epidemiology is the study of the demographic development of the disease process, and include but are not limited to the study of epidemics. Genetics is the study of genes and their role in biological inheritance.

Histology is the study of the structure of biological tissues by light microscopy, and Electron microscopy Immunohistochemistry. Immunology is the study of the immune system, which includes the innate and adaptive immune systems in humans, for example. Medical physics is the study of the applications of physics principles in medicine.

Microbiology is the study of micro-organisms, including protozoa, bacteria, fungi and viruses. Neuroscience includes those sciences related to the study of the nervous system. A main focus of neuroscience is the biology and physiology of the human brain and spinal cord. Nutritional sciences (theoretical focus) and dietetics (practical focus) is the study of the relationship between the food and drink to health and disease, especially in the definition of an optimal diet. Medical nutrition therapy is done by dietitians and is prescribed for diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, weight and eating disorders, allergies, malnutrition, and neoplastic diseases.

Pathology as a science is the study of disease causes, course, progression and resolution thereof.

Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their actions. Physiology is the study of the normal functioning of the body and the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Toxicology is the study of hazardous effects of drugs and poisons.

Clinical Practice

"The Doctor" by Sir Luke Fildes, 1891

Clinical practice, assess the patient's personal physician to diagnose, treat and prevent disease, clinical evaluation. Doctor-patient relationship usually starts with a history of interaction with the investigation of patients and medical records, the medical interview and physical examination. The main diagnostic medical devices (eg, stethoscope, tongue depressor) is normally used. After an interview and examination for signs of symptoms, your doctor may order medical tests (eg blood), a biopsy or prescription drugs or other pharmaceutical therapies. Differential diagnostic methods to help develop the conditions, based on the information. At the meeting, properly informed the patient of all relevant facts is an important part of relationships and develop confidence. Medical experience is then documented in the medical record, which is a legal document in many jurisdictions. [17] followups are shorter, but the same general procedure.

Components of the medical interview and the meeting is:

Chief complaint (cc): cause of the current medical visit. These are the "symptoms". These words have been patient and are included with each length. Also called "an appeal."

History of present illness / complaint (HPI): Early symptoms and further clarification of any symptom. Current activity: occupation, hobbies, what the patient actually does. Drugs (Rx): what drugs the patient is also provided for over-the counter and Home and herbal remedies, and alternative / herbal medicines. Allergies are also recorded.

Past medical history (PMH / PMHx): concurrent medical problems, past hospitalizations and operations, injuries, past infectious diseases and / or vaccination, history of known allergies.

Social history (SH): birthplace, residences, marital history, social and economic status, habits (including food, drugs, tobacco, alcohol).

Family history (FH): a list of diseases in the family, which may affect the patient. Genealogy is sometimes used.  An overview of systems (ROS) or systems science: a series of additional questions that may be left on HPI: a general review (you've noticed that the weight loss, changes in the quality of sleep, fever, lumps and bumps? Etc..), Followed by questions on the main body systems ( heart, lungs, digestive tract, urinary tract, etc.).

Physical examination of the examination of a patient looking for signs of disease (symptoms' is what the patient volunteers, 'Signs' are what the healthcare provider detects the control). Health care provider uses the senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell and perhaps (taste has been dismissed by the availability of modern lab tests ). Four chief methods: control of palpation (feel), percussion (tap determine resonance characteristics) and Listening (listening), the smell may be useful (eg infection, uremia, diabetic ketoacidosis). Clinical trials include studies of: Vital functions, such as height, weight, body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, oxygen-hemoglobin saturation The general impression of the patient and specific indicators of disease (nutritional value, the presence of jaundice, pallor or Clubbing)

Skin

Head, eye, nose and throat (HEENT)

Cardiovascular (heart and blood vessels)

Respiratory (large airways and lungs)

Abdomen and rectum

Genitals (and pregnancy if the patient is or may be pregnant)

Muscles (including the spine and the extremities)

Neurological (consciousness, awareness, brains, vision, cranial nerves, spinal cord and peripheral nerves)

Psychiatric (orientation, mental status, evidence of abnormal perception or thought)

Laboratory and imaging studies results may be obtained, if needed.

Medical decision-making (MDM) process involves analysis and synthesis of all the above data to come up with a list of possible diagnoses (differential diagnosis), with the idea of what to do in order to obtain a definitive diagnosis to explain the problem to the patient.

Treatment may include an additional laboratory tests and studies, starting therapy, seek professional care or follow-up. Follow-up may be recommended.

This process is used by primary care physicians and specialists. There are only a few minutes if the problem is simple and clear. On the other hand, the weeks in one patient recorded a number of bizarre symptoms or problems with the system, are involved in a number of specialists.

For subsequent visits, the process is repeated an abbreviated manner to obtain a new history, symptoms, physical findings and laboratory or imaging results or specialist consultations.

History of Medicine

Ningishzida ancient Sumerian god, patron of medicine, accompanied by two gryphons.

Prehistoric medicine incorporated plants (herbs), animal parts and minerals. In many cases, these materials were used as ritual magic substance priests, shamans, or healers. A well-known spiritual systems include animism (the concept of inanimate objects having spirits), spiritualism (an appeal to the gods, or the connection with ancestral spirits), shamanism (empowering the individual with mystic powers) and divination (getting the magic to the truth). Areas of medical anthropology explores the ways in which culture and society organized around or under the influence of health problems, health care and related issues.

Early records on medicine were open from early Ayurvedic medicine in India, ancient Egyptian medicine, traditional Chinese medicine and ancient Greek medicine. The oldest data is coming to a specialized hospital Mihintale in Sri Lanka, where they found evidence of protected drugs to treat patients. Early Greek physician Hippocrates, who called the father of medicine, Galen and laid the foundations for further development in a rational approach to medicine. After the fall of the Roman Empire and the onset of the early Middle Ages, the Greek tradition of medicine to decline in Western Europe, although it continued without interruption in the eastern part of the Roman Empire (Byzantium).

After 750 Arab-Muslim world was the work of Hippocrates and Galen translated into Arabic and Islamic physicians addressing some important medical research. Notable Islamic medical pioneers include polymath Avicenna, who, along with Hippocrates, also known as the father of medicine, Abulcasis, the father of surgery, Avenzoar, the father of experimental surgery, Ibn al-Nafis, the father of circulatory physiology, and Averroes. Razi, who has been called the father of pediatrics, was among the first to question the Greek theory humoris who remained influential in both medieval Islamic and Western medicine in the medieval Crusades, one Muslim observer familiar dim view expressed at the current Western medicine.

Nevertheless, the overall mortality and mordibity level in the medieval Middle East and medieval Europe were not significantly different from each other, assuming that no major medical "breakthrough" in modern medicine, nor in the region during this period. Fourteenth and fifteenth century Black Death was just as devastating in the Middle East, Europe and even claimed that Western Europe in general, effective in eradicating the pandemic than in the Middle East. In the early modern period, it is important early figures in medicine and anatomy emerged in Europe, including Gabriele Falloppio and William Harvey.

  

Fundamental shift in medical thinking was the gradual rejection, especially in the Black Death in the 14 and 15 century, what could be called 'traditional authority' approach to science and medicine. It was felt that because some prominent person in the past said something must have to be so, and anything the opposite is observed anomaly (which was accompanied by a similar shift in European society in general - see Copernicus's rejection of the theory Ptalyameya astronomy) . Doctors, like Ibn al-Nafis and Vesalius improved or even reject the theory of large bodies from the past (such as Hippocrates and Galen), many of whom were in the theories being discredited.

Modern biomedical research (where the result is verifiable and reproducible) began to replace early Western traditions, based on herbs, Greek "four humours" and other similar prior modern conditions. The modern era really began with the discovery by Robert Koch in 1880 around the transmission of infection from bacteria, as well as the discovery of antibiotics since 1900. After the modern era of 18-th century brought a more innovative researchers from Europe. From Germany and Austria, such as doctors, Rudolf Virchow, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Karl Landsteiner, and Otto Loewi) contributions.

In the United Kingdom, Alexander Fleming, Joseph Lister, Francis Crick, and Florence Nightingale are considered important. New Zealand and Australia came Maurice Wilkins, Howard Florey, Frank Macfarlane Burnett). In the United States William Williams Keen, Harvey Cushing, William Cole, James D. Watson, Italy (Salvador Luria), Switzerland (Alexandre Yersin), Japan (Kitasato Shibasaburo) and France (Jean-Martin Charcot, Claude Bernard, Paul Broca, and that made other significant work. Russian (Nikolai short as important work, as well as Sir William Osler and Harvey Cushing.

With the development of science and technology, developed and medicine have become more dependent on drugs. Throughout its history, and in Europe until the late 18 th century, not only plant and animal products were used as medicines, but also of human body parts and fluids. Pharmacology developed from herbs and many drugs are still derived from plants (atropine, ephedrine, warfarin, aspirin, digoxin, Vinca alkaloids, taxol, hyoscine, etc). The first of these was arsphenamine / salvarsan came Paul Ehrlich in 1908 after she discovered that the bacteria in toxic dyes that human cells were not. Vaccines have been found Edward Zhenner and Louis Pasteur. The first large group of antibiotics, sulfa drugs have been created when the French chemists originally from azo dyes.

This is becoming more complex, modern biotechnology allow funds to target specific physiological processes to be developed, sometimes designed for compatibility with the body to reduce side effects. Genomics and knowledge of human genetics had some influence on medicine as the cause of the genes most monogenic genetic disorders have been identified and developing methods of molecular biology and genetics affect medical equipment, practice and decision making.

Evidence-based medicine is a modern movement to establish good practice algorithms (ways of solving problems) on the basis of a systematic review and meta-analysis. The movement promotes today's global scientific information, which allows all evidence to be collected and analyzed in accordance with standard protocols, which then spread to health care providers. One of the problems with the approach of "best practices" is that it can be seen to stifle new approaches to treatment. Cochrane Collaboration leads this movement. 2001 review of 160 Cochrane systematic reviews have shown that the two readers, 21.3% of the reviews concluded insufficient evidence, 20% concluded evidence of no effect, and 22.5% concluded positive effect.

Medicine

A statue of Asclepius, the Greek god of medicine, with a staff of coiled depicts the symbol associated with medicine: the staff of Asclepius with its single snake.

Medicine is an art and science of healing. It includes a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health through prevention and treatment of disease. 


Modern medicine applies health science, biomedical research and medical equipment for diagnosis and treatment of injuries and illnesses, usually by drugs, surgery, or any other form of therapy. The word medicine is derived from the Latin Medicina Ars, which means that the art of healing. 


However, medical devices and clinical trials are vital to contemporary medicine, successful face relief of actual suffering continues to require the application of ordinary human feeling and compassion, known in English as a bed way.